Step by Step Aviation
We explain the fundamentals of flight from scratch, step by step. Every post is based on reliable sources, listed at the end of the post.
Wing Geometry: Aspect Ratio, Tip Vortices and the Tapered Wing
Why are glider wings long and slender? We explain how aspect ratio, wingtip vortices and the wing planform affect induced drag and stall behaviour.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 9Types of Drag: Parasite, Induced and the Best Glide Speed
The force that slows an airplane down is not a single piece. We explain how parasite and induced drag change in opposite directions with speed, and the speed at which total drag is lowest.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 8How Does a Propeller Produce Thrust? Diameter, Pitch and Safety
A propeller is a rotating wing. We explain how it accelerates air, what the size "10x6" means, and what to look out for when choosing a propeller.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 7The Atmosphere and Density Altitude: Flying When It Is Hot and High
What is the standard atmosphere, and why does the air get thinner as you climb? With calculations, we explain how a hot summer day affects the performance of airplanes and model airplanes.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 6Centre of Gravity: Where Does an Airplane's Balance Come From?
What happens if the centre of gravity is too far forward or too far back? We show step by step how to find the centre of gravity with a simple calculation and how to balance a model airplane.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 5The Three Axes and the Control Surfaces: Aileron, Elevator and Rudder
An airplane rotates around three axes. We explain which control surface produces which motion, how an airplane actually turns, and the "adverse yaw" effect.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 4Stall: A Matter of Angle, Not Speed
Why does a wing suddenly lose lift? We explain the critical angle of attack, why the stall speed rises in turns, and how to protect a model airplane from stalling.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 3The Lift Equation: Speed, Air Density, Wing Area and Angle of Attack
We take apart the equation L = ½·ρ·V²·S·Cʟ step by step and calculate the slow-flight and stall speeds of a model airplane together.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 2How Is Lift Produced? A Common Misconception and the Correct Explanation
Why is "the air on top travels a longer path, so it speeds up" wrong? We explain how a wing turns the air and where the pressure difference comes from.
Step by Step Aviation · Step 1Why Does an Airplane Stay in the Air? Meet the Four Forces
Lift, weight, thrust and drag: in plain language, we explain the four forces acting on every aircraft in flight and the balance between them.